Introduction:
The name Obadiah means, "Servant of the Lord." There are 12 guys in the Old Testament that go by Obadiah, so it is hard to pinpoint who is who. Otherwise, what we know about Obadiah the prophet is only what he has written. He is, by most accounts, the earliest writing prophet among the minor prophets. Most scholars have him dated around 845 B.C., which was shortly after the kingdom was divided after the death of Solomon and about a year into Jehu's reign in Israel (2 Chron 21:16-17). Not only is Obadiah the oldest, it is also the smallest book of the Minors (its nice to start small, right?), with only 21 verses.
The theme of Obadiah is Yahweh the Divine Protector- or, God is on our Side. The message is very simple- If you curse God's people, you will be cursed. So then, the purpose of the book was to encourage Judah to stand strong and not give up, and to notify Edom that judgement was on the way.
Text:
From the very beginning we are told this vision concerns Edom. If you don't know much about Edom, allow me to enlighten you. Edomites were the descendants of Esau. If we remember correctly, Esau was the brother of Jacob, the burly guy with the hairy chest that loved to go hunting for days (he also loved his red soup!). The Judeans (Israelites) are descended from Jacob, who tricked Esau for his birthright. So, there is some bad blood between the two (there was "reconciliation" if we remember between Jacob and Esau, but generations don't always keep to that).
Edom has always been a thorn in the side of the Israelites. Their crimes will be recounted in more detail in vv. 10-11. Obadiah begins with the end, telling the Edomites that their judgement is near. The once great Edomites will be reduced to a small nation.
They were a proud people who were greatly benefited by their location (vv. 3-4).
If you remember the movie India Jones, when they were looking for the Holy Grail in Petra in modern day Jordan, this is where they lived. They were very protected by the walls of rock that surrounded them. Again, if you remember the movie, Indie, his Dad, and the other Brititsh guy rode in on horse back through a small road that cut through the rocks. This was basically the only way into Edom, through this tiny road through the rocks. Obviously this was a very good defendable position.
Not only was the entrance very safe, but they built their homes high up in the rocks- so it would have been very hard to get to their homes as well, if indeed some invading nation made it into the canyons. So, Edom was prideful due to their location- they thought they were invincible! But God promises to bring them down from their lofty heights- both physically and pridefully.
It also seems as though they were also rich (vv. 5-6). Edom was geographically located on a very important trade route known as the "Kings Highway." I used to have a great map of this (see map), here it is- not the highway and how it winds its way north to south, hitting all the major cities. Basically the Kings Highway was a main caravan route connecting Damascus in Syria to the seaport Ezion-geber on the Red Sea. Also, in the rocks were rich and abundant supplies of copper and iron that gave Edom some wealth. So then, they were also rich- and taking pride in this as well.
Not only where they located in a very nice place and wealthy, the also had good alliances (v.7). Apparently, these alliances would not help Edom, because even the allies will join the coalition against Edom!
Finally, they are guilty for the pride of wisdom (vv. 8-9). I guess since they were so rich and located in such a safe place, they could sit around and get smart. This kind of reminds me of the Romans, ancient Greeks, and of Us, today. A good by-product of success and safety is education. However, sometimes sitting around getting learned leads to laziness, but most importantly, arrogance and pride. This was yet another strike against the Edomites. They were very prideful and needed some humiliation.
The next verses, 10 and 11, give some specific reasons from God's particular anger against the Edomites (other than the pride issues listed above). The first, which I find to be quite interesting, is kind of a hold-over from Esau's dealings with Jacob. Now, if I remember correctly, wasn't Esau duped by Jacob? So shouldn't Esau had the right to treat Jacob harshly? No (why, see for example David's response to his men regarding why he wouldn't kill Saul). God's anointed is God's anointed, regardless. But that really isn't what is going on here.
Jacob and Esau had a covenant (remember the reconciliation comment above). But, the descendants of Esau were not making good on their side of the treaty. They continually harassed the descendants of Jacob. For example, when the Israelites were making their way to the Promised Land in Canaan, the Edomites refused to allow their brothers passage! Saul fought against Edom (1 Sam 14:47), David conquered it (2 Sam 8:13-14). Hadad the Edomites fought against Solomon. The Edomites took part in an invation of Judah (2 Chr 21:16). So then, the Edomites had a long history of covenant breaking. With covenants, their either comes blessing of curse. If you follow the rules of the covenant, you are blessed. If you don't, you are cursed. Edom didn't follow the rules- hence, a curse was on the way in the form of destruction.
Not only did they proactively pester Israel, v. 11 states that they passively did not come to her aid when needed. So they are both guilt of action and non-action- all kinds of worthy of punishment. Not only did they stand by when their brothers needed them, they gloated over their status and over the destruction of Israel (v. 12).
Obadiah finishes in v. 15 by assuring the Edomites that they will be punished. This might have been something for them to hear. They probably scoffed at Obadiah. Listening to this prophet of Judah talk about how they will be repaid the ill for the ill they meted out. Verses 15-16 are also interesting/important in that Obadiah promises that God will punish all nations for the crimes against God, and that one day all nations will worship the One True God. In this context, it was Edom's turn among the nations to receive her Day of the Lord, her judgement for her crimes- for which she will be cut-off from the people forever. So this is not only a warning from Edom, but a sterm warning for all nations who refuse to bow a knee to God.
Obadiah ends as many Minor prophets do, with a promise of a future hope in the establishment of the Kingdom of God over Israel. That one day the house of Jacob and Joseph will stand stall and strong, a mighty fire burning bright, while the house of Esau will be nothing but a burnt out log like so many of the logs I see on the Jesusita Trail. Esau will be gone and the boundaries of the Davidic Kingdom (w/ Jesus as the head) will spread into Edom in the South, the Philistine Plane, the territory of Ephraim and Samarai, Gilead across the Jordan River, and as far North as the area between the Tyre and Sidom.... so here we see a promise of future restoration and some nice geographical boundaries of the future Davidic Kingdom in the millennium.
Just a quick word on the prophecy here in v. 21. The verse speaks of "deliverers (NASB) or saviors," that will come to save the Israelites (Mt. Zion) and punish the evil nations (Mt. Edom). The prophecy refers to both temporal and a final fulfillment. From Obadiah on, there would arise deliverers to lead Israel and to punish the nations in her time of need. Those would be the temporal fulfillments. But, it ultimately speaks of a final fulfillment, one where the nation is establish at Mt. Zion once and for all with the Davidic King ruling as head- where the nations will be finally punished and righteousness will reign. This is the element regarding the final coming of Christ to rule on the earth- the one that has obviously not taken place yet (depending on your theology), but is due to arrive.
There is also a divergent view at work in v. 21, and that is with the term "deliverers." Some say that this verse is solely talking about the Millennium and the "deliverers" are judges who will help rule in the millennial kingdom.....
Either way you look at, the point is that God will establish His kingdom on Earth and the other nations will be judged.
Here is something we can take from Obadiah. No matter how bad the situation may look, God is in control. Sure, Christians are getting picked on in the News Media and in the Universities and by others.... but we know that is going to happen and we know that one day the Lord will come again to restore His people and punish the mockers. We can also take warning in the this verse, to guard ourselves from developing the attitude of the Edomites. We, in the US, have much of the same benefits that once benefitted Edom. We are nicely situated geographically, we have more wealth and safety than we know what to do with, and we are educated. We need to be sure not to have the same pride as the Edomites, to not take pride in what we have, but to be humble. To be aware that God is sovereign, and despite our location, wealth, prestige, and education, we are but a breath away from destruction.
So if you are feeling discouraged due to world events- don't be. This is the message of Obadiah. If things seem hopeless, they aren't. God will have is done one day. And as promised, the nations will be brought into submission and God's people will be eternally blessed. Those who curse God's people will be cursed- you can be sure of that. Be joyful today in the hope of the promised return of Jesus Christ! That we will one day enjoy the company of our Savior and that God's Kingdom will be established over Israel on Earth! Amen
PJ